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Wednesday, August 18, 2010

Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is illustrated to the right. “Eggs” are produced in the ovaries, but remember from our discussion ofmeiosis, that these are not true eggs, yet, and will never complete meiosis and become such unless/until first fertilized by a sperm. Within the ovary, a follicle consists of one precursor egg cell surrounded by special cells to nourish and protect it. A human female typically has about 400,000 follicles/potential eggs, all formed before birth. Only several hundred of these “eggs” will actually ever be released during her reproductive years. Normally, in humans, after the onset of puberty, due to the stimulation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)one “egg” per cycle matures and is released from its ovary. Ovulation is the release of a mature “egg” due to the stimulation ofleutenizing hormone (LH), which then stimulates the remaining follicle cells to turn into a corpus luteum which then secretesprogesterone to prepare the uterus for possible implantation. If an egg is not fertilized and does not implant, the corpus luteum disintegrates and when it stops producing progesterone, the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed.
Each “egg” is released into the abdominal cavity near the opening of one of the oviducts or Fallopian tubes. Cilia in the oviduct set up currents that draw the egg in. If sperm are present in the oviduct (if the couple has recently had intercourse), the egg will be fertilized near the far end of the Fallopian tube, will quickly finish meiosis, and the embryo will start to divide and grow as it travels to the uterus. The trip down the Fallopian tube takes about a week as the cilia in the tube propel the unfertilized “egg” or the embryo down to the uterus. At this point, if she had intercourse near the time of ovulation, the woman has no idea whether an unfertilized “egg” or a new baby is travelling down that tube. During this time, progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum has been stimulating the endometrium, the lining of the uterus, to thicken in preparation for possible implantation, and when a growing embryo finally reaches the uterus, it will implant in this nutritious environment and begin to secrete its own hormones to maintain the endometrium. If the “egg” was not fertilized, it dies and disintegrates, and as the corpus luteum also disintegrates, its progesterone production falls, and the unneeded, built-up endometrium is shed.
The uterus has thick, muscular walls and is very small. In a nulliparous woman, the uterus is only about 7 cm long by 4 to 5 cm wide, but it can expand to hold a 4 kg baby. The lining of the uterus is called the endometrium, and has a rich capillary supply to bring food to any embryo that might implant there.
The bottom end of the uterus is called the cervix. The cervix secretes mucus, the consistency of which varies with the stages in her menstrual cycle. At ovulation, this cervical mucus is clear, runny, and conducive to sperm. Post-ovulation, the mucus gets thick and pasty to block sperm. Enough of this mucus is produced that it is possible for a woman to touch a finger to the opening of her vagina and obtain some of it. If she does this on a daily basis, she can use the information thus gained, along with daily temperature records, to tell where in her cycle she is. If a woman becomes pregnant, the cervical mucus forms a plug to seal off the uterus and protect the developing baby, and any medical procedure which involves removal of that plug carries the risk of introducing pathogens into the nearly-sterile uterine environment.
The vagina is a relatively-thin-walled chamber. It servs as a repository for sperm (it is where the penis is inserted), and also serves as the birth canal. Note that, unlike the male, the female has separate opening for the urinary tract and reproductive system. These openings are covered externally by two sets of skin folds. The thinner, inner folds are the labia minora and the thicker, outer ones are the labia majora. The labia minora contain erectile tissue like that in the penis, thus change shape when the woman is sexually aroused. The opening around the genital area is called the vestibule. There is a membrane called the hymen that partially covers the opening of the vagina. This is torn by the woman’s first sexual intercourse (or sometimes other causes like injury or some kinds of vigorous physical activity). In women, the openings of the vagina and urethra are susceptible to bacterial infections if fecal bacteria are wiped towards them. Thus, while parents who are toilet-training a toddler usually wipe her from back to front, thus “imprinting” that sensation as feeling “right” to her, it is important, rather, that that little girls be taught to wipe themselves from the front to the back to help prevent vaginal and bladder infections. Older girls and women who were taught the wrong way need to make a conscious effort to change their habits.
At the anterior end of the labia, under the pubic bone, is the clitoris, the female equivalent of the penis. This small structure contains erectile tissue and many nerve endings in a sensitive glans within aprepuce which totally encloses the glans. This is the most sensitive point for female sexual stimulation, so senstiive that vigorous, direct stimulation does not feel good. It is better for the man to gently stimulate near the clitoris rather than right on it. Some cultures do a procedure, similar to circumcision, as a puberty rite in teenage girls in which the prepuce is cut, exposing the extremely-sensitive clitoris. There are some interesting speculations on the cultural significance of this because the sensitivity of the exposed clitoris would probably make having sexual intercourse a much less pleasant experience for these women.

Tuesday, August 17, 2010

WRITING

University is one the educational institution for people to further their study. Nowadays students sometimes having problem in deciding which university they want to apply to because there are a lot of university out there that have to be chosen for example university Malaya, university Putra Malaysia, university Kebangsaan Malaysia and so on. Besides that, students must well known about university that has to chose to avoid from getting any problem after qualified. Therefore students should think tha important aspects that needs to consider for example the courses that have been offered by university, the facilities provided and also the best ranking of university that produced excellent and successful students.

Based on the first aspect that students needs to consider is about the courses that have been offered by university whereas students should take a good step or decision to choose the best course from the offered. This is because, not all the course that offered by them will get a job based on their qualification after they are graduated. Other than that, they needs to compete with others students who are qualified from other institution to get better job according to their certification.

Secondly is about the facilities that had been provided from the university. Students should consider about that because it will give some benefit and also make their life more easier when they are studying there. For example, they have to consider about the place where they have to live such as hostel or rent house provided by the institution itself. Therefore, students are not searching the place by their self and is more easier for them because they have to think about how far the house from the campus and also the rent. If all those things would be provided, it is easy for students because they would not thinks about other problem that will be occur later.

The last thing that the students should be considered when applying to universities is they can choose the best ranking of university in the world or state where are produced a lots of excellent and successful students. It would make some motivation to them in spite to study harder than before and will become one of successful students from the university. In addition, they can think by their self, when the university would be the best ranking of the educational institution, surely they will have a lots of lecturer who are the best from the other university. That will be one of the benefit for the students to study or get the knowledge from the best and more experience’s  lecturer.

Actually, there are a lot of factor or aspect that students should consider when they are applying to universities but most important are just like we are already mention in above. There are also a lots of universities who are the best among the best but no all the factor that the students should considered are provided by them. In conclusion , they have to make a good decision with consider all the factor before applying to the universities to prevent from any regression in future.

LISTENING 3 ( pieces )

I tried to be perfect 
But nothing was worth it 
I don’t believe it makes me
real 
I thought it’d be easy
 
But no one
believes me 
I meant all the things I said

If you believe it’s in my soul 
I’d say all the
words that I know 
Just to see if it would
show 
That I’m trying to
let you know 
That I’m better
off on my own

This place is so empty 
My thoughts are so tempting 
I don’t know how it got so bad
 
Sometimes it’s so crazy
 
That
nothing can save me 
But it’s the
only thing that I have

If you believe it’s in my soul 
I’d say all the
words that I know 
Just to see if it would
show 
That I’m trying to let you
know 
That I’m
better off on my own

On my own

I tried to be perfect 
It just wasn’t
worth it 
Nothing could ever be so
wrong 
It’s hard to
believe me 
It never gets
easy 
I guess I knew that all
along

If you believe it’s in my soul 
I’d say all the words that I know
 
Just to see if it would
show 
That I’m trying to let you know
 
That I’m better off on my
own

LISTENING ( stay the same )

Don't you ever wish you were someone else
You were meant to be the way you are exactly
Don't you ever say you don't like the way you are
When you learn to love yourself, you'd better off by far And I hope you always stay the same
Cause  there's nothing 'bout you I would change
I think that you should be whatever you wanted to be
If you
could realize, all the dreams you have inside
Don't be afraid if you've got something to say
Just open up your heart and let it show you the way
Don't you ever wish you were someone else
You were meant to be the way you are
exactly
Don't you ever say you don't like the way you are
When you learn to love
yourself, you'd better off by far
And I hope you always stay the same
Cause  there's nothing 'bout you I would change

Believe in yourself
Reach down
inside The love you find will set you free
Believe in yourself
You will come
alive
Have faith in what you do
You'll make it
through

LISTENING 1 ( the climb )

I can almost see it
That dream I’m
dreaming but
There’s a
voice inside my head saying,
You’ll never reach it,
Every step I’m taking,
Every
move I make feels
Lost with no
direction
My faith is
shaking but I
Got to keep trying
Got to keep my head held high
There’s always going to be another mountain
I’m always going to want to make it move
Always going to be an uphill battle,
Sometimes I’m gonna to have to lose,
Ain’t about how fast I get there,
Ain’t about what’s
waiting on the other side
It’s the climb
The struggles I’m facing,
The
chances I’m taking
Sometimes might knock me down but
No I’m not
breaking I may not know it
But these are the moments that
I’m going to remember most yeah
Just got to keep going
And I,
I got to be strong
Just keep
pushing on, cause
There’s always going to be another mountain
I’m always going to want to make it move
Always going to be an uphill battle,
Sometimes I’m gonna to have to lose,
Ain’t about how
fast I get there,
Ain’t about
what’s waiting on the other side
It’s the climb (yeah)
There’s always going to be another mountain
I’m always going to want to
make it move
Always going to be an uphill battle,
Sometimes you going to have to
lose,
Ain’t about how fast I get there,
Ain’t about what’s waiting on the other side
It’s the
climb (yeah yeah ea ea)
Keep on moving
Keep climbing
Keep the faith
baby It’s all about
It’s all about
The climb
Keep the faith
Keep your
faith
Whoa a oh oh

The Process of Labor and Delivery

       












       Nature has designed labor and birth simply and elegantly. Although every labor and birth is unique, the process is remarkably and beautifully constant. Labor is divided into "stages" and "phases". This is simply a way to describe the typical changes that occur as labor progresses.





The First Stage
       During this stage of labor, the cervix softens, thins, and begins to open. The baby settles into the pelvis. The process often starts out slowly with short, infrequent contractions of the uterus. Over a period of hours or sometimes days, the contractions become stronger and closer together. This is referred to as the Early Phases. As the contractions become stronger and increase in intensity, the cervix dilates (opens) and effaces (thins) and the baby moves lower in the pelvis. This is known as the Active Phase. Usually, the contractions become more intense as the cervix dilates the last few centimeters. This is referred to as the Transition Phase. At the end of the first stage of labor, the cervix is fully opened and the baby is ready to move through the birth canal.
       As labor progresses and contractions become stronger, you will become more focused and serious. Changing positions frequently, walking, rocking or moving will help labor progress. Focused breathing, rhythmic vocalization, showers and baths, massage and the application of hot and cold are only a few of the ways that can help you progress through the first stage of labor more comfortably. Your need for continuous, focused labor support will increase as the work of labor becomes harder. Touch can provide comfort during labor, and practicing massage during your childbirth classes can be helpful preparation for labor.




The Second Stage
          Now the baby maneuvers through the pelvis, rotating and slowly descending through the birth canal. This is a time when many women feel more clearheaded and have a renewed sense of optimism.
For some women, the initial contractions of this stage are strong and powerful. The urge to push comes quickly, sometimes even before the cervix is fully dilated.
          But for most women, second-stage contractions increase gradually, much like those of the first stage of labor. Be prepared to follow your body. Changing positions, moving, rocking, and squatting will help the process. You may find yourself grunting or groaning during parts of the contractions as the pressure of the baby's descent increases. You may find that you hold your breath as you bear down. Your body will tell you how to push your baby out.
          When your baby reaches the perineum, (vaginal opening) the contractions are very intense, often accompanied by a feeling of burning or stretching. When the head emerges, there is usually a tremendous sense of relief and some pressure with the delivery of the shoulders. Then the rest of the baby moves out easily.
The time it takes for all this to happen will vary, depending in part on the size and position of the baby as well as the environment and your freedom to move about and change positions. But keep in mind that as with the rest of your labor your body and your inner wisdom are your best guides.




The Third Stage
          This stage refers to the delivery of the placenta, which usually happens within 10 to 30 minutes following the birth of the baby. This is when you finally get to experience the joy of holding your new baby and the delight of your accomplishment!
Your baby greets the world by taking his first breath and is placed on your abdomen. You will reach for him and touch, stroke, and embrace your baby. Being together provides exactly what you and your baby need after birth. Holding your baby close provides warmth. Touching and stroking stimulates your baby to maintain his breathing and other body rhythms. Skin to skin, your baby will snuggle into you, which sets the stage for relaxed, unhurried breastfeeding. The pressure of your baby on your abdomen, and eventually the latching on and sucking of your breasts will help the uterus stay firm and will decrease bleeding. Your baby is making the transition to life outside the womb.
           It is known that women with continuous, nurturing care and support during labor give birth more easily. Think carefully about whom you'll invite to share in your labor. The people who surround you must be supportive of your beliefs and plans for the labor and must be able to convey to you a calm, competent, reassuring presence. Together you will embark on this most wonderful journey, called "Birth". This will most likely be the hardest work.

emergency and disaster!!

Thursday, August 12, 2010

Emergency..

  • a sudden unforeseen crisis (usually involving danger) that requires immediate action
  • An emergency is a situation which poses an immediate risk to health, life, property or environment. Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation, although in some situations, mitigation may not be possible and agencies may only be able to offer palliative ..
Disaster..
  • A disaster takes place when the following three conditions occur at the same time :
          1. When people live in hazardous places like, for example, close to an active volcano, on unstable slopes  
              where landslides are likely to happen, or close to rivers which could flood.
          2. When a hazardous phenomenon occurs, be it natural or human-made.
          3. When the phenomenon also causes a lot of damage, especially where no preventive measures have 
              been taken

Tuesday, August 10, 2010


 english forum for our group....9/8/10



Candidate A:
-         In your opinion traffic accidents can be reduced by having close monitoring exercises by the Police and Road Transport Department.

Candidate B:
-         In your opinion traffic accidents can be reduced by having more Public Road Safety campaigns on road accidents.

Candidate C:
-         In your opinion traffic accidents can be reduced by having Road Safety Projects in schools.

Candidate D:
-         In your opinion traffic accidents can be reduced by imposing stiffer penalties on errant drivers and road users.

Wednesday, August 4, 2010

English Class ( GRAMMAR )

1. Verb : the word or phase that give the action or asserts something

    example: with 's' singular   : needs (line 49)             
                     without 's' plural : can (line 11)
                     with 'ed'               : reached (line 51)


2. Articles: a thing or an object

    example: a, the, an : the, a (line 1)





3. Past tense:is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state of being in the  
                    past of the current moment (in an absolute tense system), or  
                    prior to some other event,whether that is past, present, or  
                    future (in a relative tense system).


     example: simple present tense : affect (line 4)
                      simple past tense       : influenced (line 44)




4. Continuous tense: "actions" that are in progress during the time framework  
                             indicated : present, past, future, or any of the perfect 
                             time frames.


     example: present continuous tense : gaining (line 44)                 
                      past continuous tense      : have been influence (line 44)




5. Perfect tense:a verb form indicating that an action or state has been 
                       completed at the present time, in the past, or will be  
                       completed in the future.


     example: present perfect tense: has done (line 49)
                      past perfect tense     : have been (line 15)




6. Modals: many meaning


     example: preposition       : of (line 9), at, from (line 50)
                     relative closer   : themselves (line 37)
                       adjectives        : large (line 8), inaccurate, levels (line 9),  what (line 49), greater,  
                                                  understanding,   powerful (line 50) 
                       adverb             : what, to (line 49), before (line 51)
                        nouns              : amount, information, spaces, angers, society (line 9 ), tool,  
                                                  government (line50), organization, school, parent, children, 
                                                  equilibrium (line 51)
                      conjunction       : and (line 4)